Networking Basics

A network is a group of computers, printers and other devices that are connected together with cables. Sharing data and resources. Information travels through the wires, allowing users to exchange documents and data with each other, print to the printers themselves, and the gene expression of any hardware or software that is connected to the network. Each computer, printer or other peripheral device that is connected to the network is called a node. Networks can have tens, thousands or even millions of nodes.Cabling: The two most popular types of network cabling are twisted-pair (also known as 10BaseT) and thin coax (also known as 10Base2). 10BaseT cabling looks normal telephone wire, except that it has 8 wires inside instead of 4 Thin Coax seems that the copper coaxial cabling that is often used to connect a VCR to a TV adapter set.Network: A computer network is connected to the network cabling with a network interface card (also called "NIC", "nick" or network card). Some NICs are installed inside a computer: the PC opens up and a network card is plugged directly into an expansion slot inside your computer. 286, 386, and 486 computers have many 16-bit slot, then a 16-bit NIC is needed. Faster computers, such as high-speed, 486 and Pentium, often have 32-bit, or PCI slot. These PC network cards require 32-bit to achieve the fastest possible network speed for speed-critical applications such as desktop video, multimedia, publishing, and database. And if a computer is being used with a Fast Ethernet network, it will need a network adapter that supports 100Mbps data speeds as well.HubsThe last piece of the puzzle is called a network hub. A hub is a box that is used to gather groups of PCs together in a central location with 10BaseT cabling. If you're networking a small group of computers together, you may be able to get by with a hub, some 10BaseT cables, and a handful of network cards. Large networks often use a thin coax "backbone" that connects a series of 10BaseT hubs together. Each hub, in turn, can connect a handful of computer together using 10BaseT cable, allowing you to build networks of tens, hundreds, or thousands of dogs nodi.Come network cards, hubs are available in either standard Ethernet (10 Mbps ) and Fast (100Mbps) versions.LANs (Local Area Network) A network is a collection of independent computers that communicate with each other through a shared network medium. LANs are networks usually confined to a geographical area, considered as a single building or campus. LANs can be small, connecting just three computers, but often link hundreds of computers used by thousands of dog people. The development of standard networking protocols and media has led to the worldwide proliferation of LANs throughout business and educational organizations.WANs (Wide Area Network) network is often found in multiple physical locations. Wide Area Network combines multiple LANs that are geographically separated. This is achieved by connecting the different LANs using services such as dedicated telephone lines examined, dial-up telephone lines (both synchronous and asynchronous), satellite links, carrier services and packet data. Wide area network can be as simple as a modem and remote access server for employees to dial in, or it can be as complex as hundreds of dog-related subsidiaries worldwide with special routing protocols and filters to minimize the cost of sending data sent over long distances. InternetThe Internet is a system of networks that are connected communication services worldwide in scope and facilitate data survey remote login, file transfer, electronic mail, the World Wide Web and newsgroup.Con the rise in demand for connectivity, Internet has become a way of communication for millions of users. The Internet was initially restricted to military and academic institutions, but is now a real channel for all forms and all information and commerce. Internet websites now provide personal, educational, economic and political resources in every corner of the progress made in planet.IntranetWith browser-based software for the Internet, many private organizations are implementing intranets. An intranet is a private network using Internet-type tools, but available only within that organization. For large organizations, the intranet provides a means of easy access to corporate information for employees.EthernetEthernet is the most popular physical layer LAN technology in use today. Other LAN types include Token Ring, Fast Ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and LocalTalk. Ethernet is popular because it strikes a good balance between speed, cost and ease of installation. These advantages, combined with wide acceptance in the market computer and the ability to support virtually all network protocols, make an Ethernet network ideal for most computer users today. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) defines the Ethernet standard as IEEE 802.3. This standard defines rules for the configuration of the Ethernet network, as well as elements to specify how Ethernet network interact with one another. By adhering to the IEEE standard, network protocols and network devices can communicate efficiently.ProtocolsNetwork protocols are standards that allow computers to communicate. A protocol defines how computers identify one another on the network, the form it should take the data in transit, and how this information is processed once it reaches its final destination. Protocols also define procedures for handling lost or damaged transmissions or "packets". TCP / IP (for UNIX, Windows NT, Windows 95 and other platforms), IPX (Novell NetWare), DECnet (for networking Digital Equipment Corporation. Computers), AppleTalk (for Macintosh), and NetBIOS / NetBEUI (for LAN Manager and Windows NT networks) are the main types of network protocols in use oggi.Anche if each network protocol is different, they share the same physical cabling. This common method of accessing the physical network allows multiple protocols to coexist peacefully in the media network and allows the builder of a network to use common hardware for a variety of protocols. This concept is known as "protocol independence", which means that devices are compatible physical and data link layers allow the user to perform different types of protocols on the network topology is the geometric arrangement of medium.TopologiesA nodes and cable connections in a LAN, and is used in two general configurations: bus and star. These two topologies define how nodes are connected together. A node is an active device connected to the network, looking like a computer or printer. A node can also be a hub of the piece of network equipment such as research, a switch or router. A bus topology consists of nodes connected together in series with each node connected to a long cable or bus. Many nodes can use the bus and begin communication with all other nodes on that cable segment. A break in any portion of the cable usually cause the entire segment to be inoperable until the break is repaired. Examples of bus topology include 10BASE2 and 10BASE5.10BASE-T Ethernet and Fast Ethernet use a star topology, # in which access is controlled by a central computer. Generally a computer is located at one end of the segment, and the other end is closed in a central position with a hub. Because UTP is often run in conjunction with telephone cabling, this central location can be a phone closet or other area where it is convenient to connect the UTP segment to a backbone. The main advantage of this type of network is reliability, because if one of these segments 'point-to-point' has a break, only affect the two nodes on this link. Other computer users on the network continues to operate as if that area was nonexistent.Peer NetworksA peer to peer to peer network allows two or more PCs to pool their resources together. Individual resources such as disk drives, CD-ROM drives, printers and even turn into shared, collective resources that are accessible from any client-server networks PC.Unlike, where information is stored centrally on a PC network file server and made available at least, dog, hundreds or thousands of client PCs, the information stored in the peer-to-peer is uniquely decentralized. Because peer-to-peer PCs have their hard disk drives that are accessible by all computers, each computer acts as both client (requesting information) and a server (information provider). A peer-to-peer can be built with either 10BaseT cabling and a hub or a thin coax backbone. 10BaseT is best for small workgroups of 16 or less users that do not cover long distances, or workgroup who have one or more laptops that can be disconnected from the network from time to time.After network hardware installed In vivo, a peer-to-peer network software package must be installed on all PCs. This package allows information to be transferred back and forth between PCs, hard drives and other devices when users request it. Popular peer-to-peer software includes NOSLa most NOS allow each peer-to-peer users to deter mine that the resources will be available for use by other users. Specific hard disk and floppy disk, directory or files, printers and other resources can be attached or detached from the network via software. If the disk has been configured for a user that Sun is "shared", usually appears as a new unit to other users. In other words, if user A has an A and the C drive on your computer, and user B configures his entire C drive as sharable, user A wants to suddenly have an A, C, and D drive (User A D drive is actually user B's C drive). Lists work in a similar manner. If user A has an A & C drive, and user B configures his "C: Windows" and "C: DOS" directories as sharable, user A can suddenly have an A, C, D, and eDrive (User A User B to D is C: Program Files, and E is user B, C: DOS). ? You had all this can easily be shared between units because peer-to-peer PCs, applications only need to be installed on a computer - not two or three. If users have a copy of Microsoft Word, for example, can be installed on the computer of A - and still used by users B.The advantages of peer-to-peer over client-server NOS include: · There ' you need a network administrator · Network is fast / cheap to set and maintain · Each PC can make backup copies of your data to other PCs for security. By far the simplest type of network to build peer-to-peer is perfect for both home and office use.Client server NetworksIn a client-server environment like Windows NT or Novell NetWare, files are stored centrally , high-speed file server computer that is made available to the client PC. Speed ​​of access to the network are usually faster than those found on peer-to-peer, which is reasonable given the large number of clients that can support this architecture. Nearly all network services, such as printing and email are routed through the file server, which allows you to track network activity. Inefficient network segments can be reworked to make them faster, and user activity can be closely monitored. Public data and applications stored on the fileserver, where they are performed by positions of the PC client, which makes upgrading software a simple task - network administrators can simply upgrade the applications stored on the file server, rather than having to physically upgrade each client PC.In client-server diagram below, the client PCs are shown to be separate and subordinate to the fileserver. The main customer applications and files are stored in a common position. File servers are often set so that each user on the network has access to its directory "own", together with a series of "public" directories where applications are stored. If the two clients below want to communicate with each other, must go through the file server to do it. A message from one client to another is first sent to the file server, where it is then routed to its destination. With hundreds of dog or latest PC client, a file server is the only way to manage the often complex and simultaneous operations that large networks require.Computer networking is very important and crucial part of the Information Technology. Millions of computers are networked together to form the Internet. Networking plays an important role in every type of organization from small to medium in size, in banking, Multinataional, bags, air ports, hospitals, police stations, post offices, schools, universities, and even at home, online short plays important role in the world where computers are used. This item will be interesting for students, professionals and network for people who are interested in computer networking [EXTRACT] A network is a group of computers, printers and other devices that are connected with cables. Sharing data and resources. The information on the cable, so that network users to print documents and exchange data with each other on the same printer, and usually do not share any hardware or software that is connected to the network. Each computer, printer or other peripheral device that is connected to the network is called a node. Networks can be tens of thousands, thousands or even millions of nodes.Cabling: The two most popular types of network cabling are twisted-pair (also known 10BaseT) and thin coax (10BASE2 also called). 10BaseT cabling looks normal telephone wire, except that it has 8 wires inside instead of 4 Thin coax looks like the copper coaxial cable that is often used to connect a VCR to a TV adapter set.Network: is a computer network network cabling connected to a network card (also known as "NIC" "Nick", or network adapter). Some NICs are installed inside a computer: the PC is opened and a network card is plugged directly into expansion slots inside a computer. 286, 386, 486 and many have 16-bit slots, so that a 16-bit NIC is needed. Faster computers, such as high-speed Pentium 486 and, often, or 32-bit PCI slot. These PC cards require 32-bit network for maximum speed possible network speed applications such as desktop video, multimedia, publishing and databases. And if a computer is used with a Fast Ethernet network is a network card, data transfer rate of 100Mbps supported like well.HubsThe last piece of the puzzle have to cross-linking is called hubs. A hub is a box that can be used to gather groups of PCs in a central location with 10BaseT cabling. If your network has a small group of computers together, you may be able to get through a hub, some 10BaseT cables, and a handful of network cards. Large networks often use a thin coax "backbone" that connects a series of 10BaseT hubs together. Each hub can turn a handful of computers linked together using 10BaseT cables that allow you to create networks of tens, hundreds or thousands of nodes können.Wie network cards, hubs are available as standard (10 Mbps) and Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) versions.LANs available for (Local Area Network) A network is a collection of independent computers that communicate with each other through a common network support. LANs are networks usually confined to a geographical area, such as a single building or campus. LANs can be small, it connects only three computers, but often link hundreds of computers used by thousands of people. The development of standard networking protocols and media has become the worldwide proliferation of LANs in business and educational organizations.WANs (Wide Area Network) is often a physical network into multiple locations are run. Wide area network combines multiple LANs that are geographically separated from each other. This is achieved by connecting the different LANs using services such as dedicated leased phone lines, dial-up telephone lines (both synchronous and asynchronous), satellite links, and perform data packet carrier services. Wide area network can be as simple as a modem and remote access server for employees to dial, or it can be as complex as hundreds of branch offices globally linked using special routing protocols and filters at the cost of transmission to minimize the data sent over long distances. InternetThe Internet is a system of interconnected networks that are worldwide in scope and facilitate data communication services, such as remote access, file transfer, e-mail, the World Wide Web, and Newsgroups.Mit the rapid increase in demand for Internet connectivity is a way of communication for millions of users. The Internet was originally designed for military and academic institutions is limited, but is now a real channel for all forms of information and commerce. Internet websites now provide personal, educational, political and economic resources to every corner of planet.IntranetWith progress in the browser-based software for the Internet, many private organizations, the intranet. An intranet is a private network that uses Internet-type tools, but available only within that organization. For large companies provide an intranet for easy access to information employees.EthernetEthernet company mode for the most popular LAN technology level physics in use today. Other LAN types include Token Ring, Fast Ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and LocalTalk. Ethernet is popular because it is a good balance between speed, cost and simplifies the installation fails. These advantages, combined with wide acceptance in the computer market and supports the possibility of virtually all major network protocols, make Ethernet an ideal technology for most users of computer networks today. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) defines the Ethernet standard as IEEE 802.3. This standard defines rules for configuring an Ethernet network as well as specifying how elements interact with each other in an Ethernet network. In accordance with the IEEE standard, network equipment and network protocols to communicate efficiently.ProtocolsNetwork protocols are standards that can communicate with computers. A protocol defines how computers on a network, the form it should take the data in transit, and how this information is processed as soon as they reached their destination to be identified. Protocols also define procedures for handling lost or damaged shipments, or "packages". TCP / IP (for UNIX, Windows NT, Windows 95 and other platforms), IPX (Novell NetWare), DECnet (for networking Digital Equipment Corp. computers), AppleTalk (Macintosh), and NetBIOS / NetBEUI (for LAN Manager networks and Windows NT) are the main types of network protocols today Einsatz.Obwohl each network protocol is different, they share the same physical cabling. This common method for accessing the physical network allows multiple protocols exist peacefully side by side media network, and allows the builder of a network are used by common hardware protocols for a variety. This concept is known as "protocol independence," which means that the devices that are compatible with the physical and data link layer protocols are the multiple user on the network topology same stroke medium.TopologiesA is known, the geometric arrangement of nodes and links Cable in the bus and the star: a LAN, and is used in two general configurations. These two topologies define how nodes are interconnected. A node is an active device connected to the network, such as a computer or printer. A node can also be a piece of network equipment like a switch hub, or router. A bus topology consists of nodes together in a series connected to each node connected to a long cable or bus. Many nodes can use the bus and begin communication with all other nodes on that cable segment. A break in any part of the cable will usually cause the entire segment to be inoperable, will be repaired before it breaks. Examples of bus topology include 10BASE2 and 10BASE5.10BASE-T Ethernet and Fast Ethernet uses a star topology, in which access is controlled by a central computer. Generally, a computer at one end of the segment, and the other end terminates in a central location with a hub. Because UTP is often run in conjunction with telephone cabling, this central location can be a phone closet or other area where it is convenient to connect the UTP segment to a backbone. The main advantage of this type of network is reliability, because if one of these segments "point-to-point 'has a break only affects two nodes on that link. Other computer users on the network continues to operate as if this were nonexistent.Peer segment-to-peer peer-to-peer NetworksA allows two or more computers together their resources. individual resources, such as hard disks, CD-ROM and even the printers in a shared, collective resources of each, PC . Unlike client-server networks, where network information is stored on a central PC, file server, are processed and made available to tens, hundreds, thousands or PC client, the information on peer-to-peer decentralized memorized unique. Since peer-to-peer PCs have hard drives that are accessible by all computers have each PC acts as a client (requesting information) and server (information provider). A peer-to-peer can be built either with wiring and a 10BaseT hub or with a thin coax backbone. 10BaseT is particularly suitable for small work groups with 16 or fewer users, it is not over long distances is not, or working groups of one or more laptop computers from the network since the network hardware can be installed separate time.After, was a peer-to-peer network software package must be installed on all PCs. This package allows information back and forth between PCs, hard drives and other devices when the user may wish to be transferred. Popular peer-to-peer software NOS enthältDie most network operating systems allow any peer-to-peer user to determine what resources are available for use by other users . Special hard disk and floppy disk, directory or files, printers and other resources can be attached or detached from the network using the software. If a user's hard drive is configured so that it is "shared", will appear in the rule as a new unit for other users. In other words, if user A has an A-and C-units must be configured on his computer B and C as whole disk sharable, user A is suddenly an A, C and D drive (user A to D drive is actually a unit member BC). lists work similarly. If user A has an A & C drive, and user B configures his "c: windows" and " C: DOS "directories as sharable can suddenly User A is A, C, D and EAntrieb (BC AD user User: Program and user and BC: DOS).? you all this because the unit can easily be used between peer-to-peer PCs, applications must be installed on a computer - not two or three. If users have a copy of Microsoft Word, for example, can be installed on a user's computer - and also by the benefits of 'user B.The NOS Server client peer-to-peer can be used are: · No need for a Network Administrator · Network is fast / economical installation and maintenance · Each PC can make backup copies of your data other PC security. To build by far the simplest type of network, peer-to-peer is perfect for home and office use.Client NetworksIn server, a client-server environment like Windows NT or Novell NetWare, files on a central, high-speed servers saved PC file that is made available to the client PC. speed network access is usually faster than those found on peer-to-peer, which is reasonable, given the large number of clients that can support this architecture. Nearly all network services, such as print and e-mail will be routed through the file server, network activity can be monitored. Inefficient network segments can be reworked to make them faster and user activity can be closely monitored. public data and applications stored on the file server where they are from the customer's PC workstations, upgrade software allows an easy task to run is stored - Network administrators can easily update, save the application on the file server to update instead of physically PC.In each client, the client-server graph below shows the client PC that is separate and subordinate to the file server. main customer applications and files are stored in a firm common path. file servers are often set up that anyone who uses the network to access their directories "right", along with a series of "public" directories where applications has saved. If they want to communicate with clients after going through the file server to do so. A message from one client to another only to send the file server where they are then routed to its destination. With tens or hundreds of PCs, file servers, which is often the only way to manage complex operations and Simultaneous require.Computer large networks that networking is very important and constitute a crucial part of Information Technology. millions of computers together, networking on the Internet. networking plays an important role in any organization of small and medium-sized banks, Multinataional, bags , airports, hospitals, police stations, post offices, schools, universities and even at home, playing on the net short an important role when computers are used. This article is for students to network professionals and people who are interested in the interest of computer networking